A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is a wearable sensor that tracks your glucose levels throughout the day and night, providing real-time data on how your body responds to food, activity, stress, and sleep. Unlike traditional fingerstick tests, CGMs measure glucose in interstitial fluid every few minutes, allowing for early detection of spikes, crashes, and trends that blood tests alone might miss. This data empowers users to make informed lifestyle changes to support stable blood sugar and long-term metabolic health.

Why is glucose important?

Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and is tightly regulated to maintain optimal function. Stable glucose levels are crucial for brain function, muscle activity, hormonal balance, and metabolic health. Chronically elevated or unstable glucose levels are associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline.

What is % of Glucose Readings Above the Range?

The % of Glucose Readings Above the Range reflects the proportion of time your blood glucose levels exceed the target range during continuous glucose monitoring. This metric is a key indicator of how often your body experiences hyperglycemia, or elevated blood sugar, over a given period.

How can I better understand my % of glucose readings above the range?

Even if your fasting glucose appears normal, a high percentage of readings above range may signal underlying metabolic stress or early-stage dysregulation. Here are the general ranges for fasting % of glucose readings above the range:

Lab Range:

• Out of range (low): <0 %
• In range: <0.5 %
• Out of range (high): >0.5 %

SiPhox Ranges:

• Optimal Range: <0.1 %
• Good Range: 0.1-0.5 %

Values above this range may indicate frequent episodes of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), which can increase the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve dysfunction over time. Common symptoms of high glucose levels include increased thirst and urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of cuts and wounds, and frequent infections.

Values below this range suggest that elevated glucose excursions are infrequent or well-managed. This is generally favorable but should be considered in the context of other markers.

What is Average Glucose Level?

Average glucose level represents the mean of all glucose readings collected over a 2 week period. It gives a broader picture of daily glycemic exposure than individual measurements. This value is closely tied to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and is a key indicator of long-term glucose control.

How can I better understand my average glucose levels?

Average glucose reflects the mean blood sugar level over a given period. Unlike a single fasting or post-meal reading, average glucose captures fluctuations throughout the day, including during meals, sleep, and periods of stress or physical activity. Here are the general ranges for average glucose level:

Lab Range:

• Out of range (low): <70 mg/dL
• In range: 70-110 mg/dL
• Out of range (high): >110 mg/dL

SiPhox Ranges:

• Optimal Range: 80-100 mg/dL
• Good Range: 70-80 mg/dL or 100-110 mg/dL

Values above this range may indicate chronic hyperglycemia and a higher risk of insulin resistance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. Common symptoms of high average glucose include increased thirst and urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of cuts and wounds, and frequent infections.

Values below this range may suggest hypoglycemia or overtreatment with glucose-lowering medications. Symptoms of low average glucose include hunger, weakness, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, and in severe cases, confusion or loss of consciousness.

What is Estimated Fasting Glucose level?

Fasting glucose, also known as fasting blood sugar, is a critical marker of metabolic health and refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast. SiPhox estimates your fasting glucose by taking an average of a sample of the lowest readings throughout a 24 hour period. It provides insight into the body’s ability to maintain and regulate blood sugar levels within a narrow range, even in the absence of food intake.

How can I better understand my fasting glucose levels?

Fasting glucose is typically measured after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours. Here are the general ranges for fasting glucose levels:

Lab Range:

• Out of range (low): <70 mg/dL
• In range: 70-125 mg/dL
• Out of range (high): >125 mg/dL

SiPhox Ranges:

• Optimal Range: 70-99 mg/dL
• Good Range: 99-125 mg/dL

Values above this range may indicate hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), while values below the range may suggest hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Symptoms of high fasting glucose levels include increased thirst and frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of cuts and wounds, and frequent infections. Symptoms of low fasting glucose include hunger, weakness, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, confusion/disorientation, dizziness/lightheadedness, and nausea.

What is Glucose Variability?

Glucose variability describes how much your glucose levels fluctuate throughout the day. High glucose variability, especially frequent or large swings between highs and lows, has been linked to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood vessel damage. These effects may raise the risk of complications such as heart disease, nerve damage, and eye disease, even when average glucose appears normal.. Studies show that reducing glucose variability can independently improve outcomes, especially in people with diabetes.

CGMs provide tools like standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) to help quantify variability:

• Standard deviation (SD) measures how far readings deviate from your average.
• Coefficient of variation (CV) expresses SD as a percentage of average glucose—values under 36% are generally considered acceptable.

Lower glucose variability is a sign of metabolic stability and better resilience to lifestyle factors like stress, sleep loss, or high-carb meals.

How can I better understand my glucose variability?

Glucose variability measures how much your blood sugar levels fluctuate throughout the day. Here are the general ranges for glucose variability:

Lab Range:

• Out of range (low): <0 %
• In range: <33 %
• Out of range (high): >33 %

SiPhox Ranges:

• Optimal Range: <25 %
• Good Range: 25-33 %

Values above this range indicate high glycemic variability, which has been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes complications. Symptoms may include energy crashes, brain fog, irritability, and cravings after meals due to rapid glucose swings.

Values below this range suggest more stable glucose levels, which is generally favorable. However, extremely low variability combined with low average glucose may indicate unrecognized hypoglycemia or overcorrection with medications.

How can I improve my glucose levels?

Use your CGM to identify patterns. Continuous glucose monitors offer powerful real-time insights. Tracking how meals, exercise, stress, and sleep affect your glucose allows you to fine-tune your habits and improve control.

Eat to minimize glucose spikes. A diet rich in fiber, lean protein, and healthy fats helps keep glucose stable. Avoid refined carbs and sugars, which tend to cause sharp elevations. Combining carbs with protein or fat can also slow glucose absorption.

Exercise regularly, especially after meals. Physical activity, especially walking or light movement after eating, enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose spikes. Consistent exercise helps your muscles use glucose more efficiently, supporting long-term stability.

Improve sleep and manage stress. Poor sleep and high stress elevate cortisol, which can raise blood glucose levels. Prioritizing 7–9 hours of quality sleep and practicing stress-reducing techniques like meditation or deep breathing can improve glucose control.

Take your medications as prescribed. If you have diabetes, following your physician’s treatment plan is essential. This includes taking oral medications or insulin as directed, checking your glucose regularly, and attending follow-up visits. Medication adherence plays a critical role in preventing complications and keeping your glucose levels within a healthy range.

Where can I learn more?

• Cleveland Clinic – Diabetes Overview
• NIH – Continuous Glucose Monitoring
• PubMed – Glucose Variability and Health Risks
• diaTribe – Glucose Variability Guide

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.

Why Day 3 of the Menstrual Cycle?

Day 3 of your cycle (with day 1 being the first day of your period) is considered an ideal time for hormone testing because it represents the body’s baseline hormonal state. At this early follicular phase, the reproductive hormones are at low, stable levels—unaffected by the mid-cycle ovulation surge or the hormonal changes of the luteal phase. Doctors often call day 3 the “baseline” since hormones like estrogen are at their most steady levels before they begin to rise later in the cycle. By checking levels at this time, providers can ensure an “apples to apples” comparison against standard reference ranges and get an accurate read on your body’s natural hormone balance before any dramatic cycle-driven fluctuations kick in [2].

Timing is critical because many hormone levels vary throughout the month. For example, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) will spike around ovulation, and progesterone rises in the luteal (post-ovulation) phase. Testing in the middle or end of the cycle would give very different readings. By contrast, on about day 3, these levels are consistent and low, making it easier to detect abnormalities or imbalances. In fact, FSH levels can change from day to day in your cycle, so basic fertility evaluations specifically require an FSH blood test drawn on day 3 for a dependable measurement [3]. In short, day 3 provides a controlled checkpoint in the menstrual cycle when your hormones are at a baseline level. This baseline is invaluable for assessing reproductive health, because it allows doctors to spot warning signs (like unusually high or low levels) without the confounding effects of mid-cycle hormone surges.

It’s worth noting that if your cycle is a bit shorter or longer, some providers say testing on day 2 or day 4 is also acceptable – the goal is to capture that early follicular window.

What if I do not menstruate or am on birth control?

If you’re using hormonal birth control or in menopause, determining a true “day 3” can be challenging. Hormonal contraceptives often suppress your natural cycle, making it tough to pinpoint baseline hormone levels. Users of continuous contraceptives like the minipill or hormonal IUD who still have regular periods should test on Day 3 of their periods. To gain the most accurate picture, if you do not experience regular periods, it’s advised to wait three months after stopping contraceptives for hormone levels to normalize.

Perimenopausal and menopausal women may no longer ovulate monthly or have predictable periods, so hormone levels can be measured at any time.

Putting It All Together

Day 3 hormone testing provides a crucial baseline look at a woman’s reproductive hormones. By evaluating FSH, LH, estradiol, and prolactin at this early cycle stage, healthcare providers can gain insight into overall hormonal balance. Importantly, testing on day 3 standardizes the results — we know what “normal” looks like on day 3, which makes it easier to spot anything out of the ordinary. For instance, a normal FSH and estradiol with normal prolactin would suggest that the fundamental hormonal environment for fertility is sound. On the other hand, an abnormal result (such as a high FSH) might indicate a need to expedite or adjust fertility plans, or to investigate specific conditions further.

In conclusion, day 3 hormone testing is recommended because it offers a window into your reproductive system at rest, establishing a baseline against which potential problems can be measured. It’s a tried-and-true tool in gynecology and fertility medicine. By measuring FSH, LH, estradiol, and prolactin on cycle day 3, you can better understand your ovarian reserve and hormonal balance, ultimately helping to tailor recommendations or treatments to your needs. It’s all about catching your hormones at the right moment, so that you can get the clearest picture possible of your fertility health.

Where Can I Learn More?

1. One Fertility Clinic – Cycle Monitoring Day 3 Testing: Day 3 is known as the “baseline” since it captures hormone levels before they increase later in the cycle (Fertility Cycle Monitoring: Day 3 and Day 21 Tests).
2. Cleveland Clinic – FSH Blood Test Timing: FSH levels vary throughout the cycle, so testing is done on day 3 of the menstrual cycle to obtain a consistent baseline measurement (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): What It Is & Function).
3. Center for Reproductive Medicine – Fertility Hormones Overview: High day-3 FSH is generally an indication of diminished ovarian reserve (fewer eggs), whereas normal-low FSH suggests a better ovarian response (What Hormones Are Tested for Female Fertility? | Blog) (What Hormones Are Tested for Female Fertility? | Blog).
4. IVF Orlando Blog – LH and Estradiol on Day 3: An elevated LH on day 3 may indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and an elevated estradiol level on day 3 can mask a high FSH (and may signal an ovarian cyst) (What Hormones Are Tested for Female Fertility? | Blog) (What Hormones Are Tested for Female Fertility? | Blog).
5. Endotext (NCBI/NIH) – Ovarian Reserve Testing: An abnormally high estradiol (>60–80 pg/mL) on day 3 can reflect diminished ovarian reserve and may artificially suppress FSH into a normal range (Ovarian Reserve Testing – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf).
6. IVF Orlando Blog – Prolactin and Fertility: Elevated prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) can disrupt ovulation and cause irregular or absent menstrual cycles, making it harder to conceive (What Hormones Are Tested for Female Fertility? | Blog).
7. Reproductive Medicine Associates of NY – Day 3 Test Insights: Day 3 hormone tests (FSH, LH, estradiol) together assess ovarian reserve (quantity and quality of eggs), and are often combined with AMH testing for a fuller fertility evaluation (Know Your Numbers: Understanding AMH & Day 3 Test Results) (Know Your Numbers: Understanding AMH & Day 3 Test Results).

Laboratory Reference Ranges: How They’re Determined

Laboratory reference ranges are typically established through a standardized process:

• Testing a large sample of the local population
• Including people who aren’t necessarily in optimal health
• Using statistical analysis to include approximately 95% of results
• Creating a bell curve of results and setting ranges based on standard deviations
• Focusing primarily on identifying disease states rather than optimal health

This means these ranges are designed to identify clearly abnormal results rather than guide you toward optimal health. They reflect what’s common in the general population, not what’s ideal for your wellbeing.

Our SiPhox Grades: A Research-Based Approach

Our grading system is fundamentally different. We determine our ranges through:

• Comprehensive review of peer-reviewed clinical studies
• Analysis of research linking specific biomarker levels to health outcomes
• Evaluation of data from longevity and wellness research
• Integration of findings from multiple populations and health contexts
• Focus on identifying truly optimal ranges for health and performance

This evidence-based approach allows us to provide more refined and meaningful grades for those looking to improve their health beyond “average”:

Pay Attention (Red)

• Results requiring proactive attention and intervention
• Often still falls within standard laboratory “normal” ranges
• Our more stringent criteria serve as early warning signals
• Allows for preventive action before markers become out of range
• Based on clinical evidence of potential health impacts
• May indicate need for lifestyle changes or medical consultation
• Represents an opportunity for early intervention

Fair (Yellow)

• Results that fall short of evidence-based optimal ranges
• Based on studies showing room for health improvement
• May be “normal” by standard ranges but below optimal
• Indicates opportunity for targeted optimization

Good (Blue)

• Results aligned with positive health outcomes in research
• Better than population averages
• Supported by studies showing good health markers
• Represents solid foundation for wellness

Optimal (Green)

• Results matching levels seen in research on exceptional health
• Based on studies of longevity and peak performance
• Aligned with best documented health outcomes
• Represents evidence-based ideal targets

Why Our Approach Makes a Difference: A Practical Example

Let’s take Vitamin D as an example:

• Standard laboratory range: 25-100 ng/mL
• Our evidence-based optimization grades:
  • Pay Attention: < 30 ng/mL or > 100 mg/mL
  • Fair: 30-35 ng/mL
  • Good: 35-40 ng/mL
  • Optimal: 40-70 ng/mL

While a result of 32 ng/mL would be “within range” on a standard report, research shows better health outcomes at higher levels. Our grades reflect this scientific evidence rather than just population averages.

The Power of Evidence-Based Optimization

Our approach offers several advantages:

1. More nuanced understanding of your health markers
2. Grades based on actual health outcomes rather than population statistics
3. Targets derived from scientific research rather than averages
4. Focus on optimization rather than just avoiding disease

Remember: Standard ranges tell you if you’re similar to the general population. Our grades tell you how close you are to optimal health based on clinical evidence. This difference empowers you to make more informed decisions about your health journey.

Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a key role in bone strength, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. Most of the body’s calcium is stored in bones and teeth, while a small but crucial amount circulates in the blood to support various physiological processes. Measuring blood calcium levels helps assess bone health, kidney function, and metabolic balance.

Why is Calcium Important?

Calcium levels in the blood must remain tightly regulated for the body to function properly. Low calcium (hypocalcemia) may indicate vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, or issues with parathyroid function, leading to muscle cramps, tingling, and weakened bones. High calcium (hypercalcemia) can result from conditions like hyperparathyroidism, excessive vitamin D intake, or certain cancers, potentially causing fatigue, kidney stones, and abnormal heart rhythms. Regular calcium testing can help identify imbalances early and prevent complications.

How Can I Maintain Optimal Calcium Levels?

Maintaining balanced calcium levels requires proper nutrition, hormone regulation, and kidney health.

For Low Calcium:

• Increase calcium intake: Consume dairy products, leafy greens, almonds, and fortified foods.
• Boost vitamin D levels: Sun exposure or vitamin D supplements help with calcium absorption.
• Monitor parathyroid and kidney function: Dysfunction in these organs can affect calcium balance.

For High Calcium:

• Stay hydrated: Proper fluid intake helps prevent kidney stones and excessive calcium buildup.
• Limit calcium and vitamin D supplements: Excessive intake can contribute to hypercalcemia.
• Check for underlying conditions: If levels are persistently high, further testing for parathyroid or metabolic disorders may be needed.

Where Can I Learn More?

• Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation – Calcium and Vitamin D
• National Institutes of Health – Calcium Fact Sheet

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED ABOUT YOUR CALCIUM LEVELS, PLEASE CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is a test used to assess how well your kidneys are functioning. It estimates the amount of blood that gets filtered by the glomeruli (tiny filters in the kidneys) each minute. The following image depicts the complexity of the kidney, starting with the nephron.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – Glomerular Disease

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for the vital process of filtering blood, removing waste products, and regulating water and solute balance in the body. Each human kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, which work collectively to perform the kidney’s complex functions. The structure of a nephron is specially designed to efficiently filter blood, reabsorb necessary nutrients and water, and excrete waste products in the form of urine.

The glomerulus plays a crucial role within the kidney as a component of the nephron. The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels (capillaries) located at the beginning of the nephron. Its roles include:

1. Blood Filtration: The glomerulus is where the filtration of blood begins. Blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and waste products (like urea and creatinine) from the blood through the capillary walls and into the Bowman’s capsule, another part of the nephron that collects the filtrate. The filtrate then travels through the rest of the nephron, where further processing occurs.
2. Prevention of Protein Loss: The structure of the glomerulus prevents large molecules, such as proteins and blood cells, from being filtered into the urine, retaining them within the bloodstream.

The eGFR is calculated based on your blood creatinine level, age, body size, and gender. This calculation provides a critical insight into the kidney’s health, indicating how efficiently they’re filtering waste from your blood.

Unlike direct measurements of kidney function, which can be invasive and complex, eGFR offers a simple and non-invasive way to monitor kidney health. It’s a crucial part of any comprehensive health assessment, particularly for those with risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, or a family history of kidney failure.

Why is eGFR Important?

The primary importance of eGFR lies in its role in detecting and monitoring kidney disease. According to the National Kidney Foundation, 33% (1 in 3 people) of American adults are at risk for kidney disease. Healthy kidneys ensure the removal of toxins and waste materials from the blood, maintaining a delicate balance of body fluids and electrolytes. A decline in eGFR can indicate a reduction in kidney function, signaling acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition to CKD, impaired kidneys can cause heart disease, heart attack and stroke, high blood pressure, weak bones, nerve damage, and low red blood cell count.

Monitoring eGFR levels is essential for diagnosing conditions that affect kidney function, assessing the severity of kidney damage, and guiding the management and treatment of kidney-related disorders. It’s particularly important for individuals with conditions that can impair kidney function, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.

How can I better understand my eGFR results?

eGFR results are typically reported in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m² (mL/min/1.73 m²). When interpreting eGFR results, this table from the National Kidney Foundation illustrates how even normal kidney function could accompany kidney damage:

National Kidney Foundation – eGFR: A key to understanding how well your kidneys are working

According to the UK Kidney Association:

It’s important to note that eGFR is an estimate of kidney function and must be interpreted within the context of other clinical findings and patient factors. For example, a mildly decreased eGFR in an elderly individual without any other signs of kidney disease may be considered normal aging. Conversely, even a slight decrease in eGFR in a young adult may warrant further investigation. American Kidney Fund recommends discussing your eGFR results with your doctor, and doing so immediately if your levels are 60 or less is very important.

How can I maintain optimal eGFR levels?

While improving renal function is not easy, it is possible. A study from 2013 found that it is possible to improve renal function at any stage of CKD!

In addition to staying healthy and reducing blood pressure and blood sugar through weight management, regular exercise, following a balanced diet, and practicing healthy habits (quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake), the National Kidney Foundation also recommends that people with kidney disease should:

Dietary Changes: Reducing salt intake can help improve kidney function. Action on Salt states that a high salt diet can disrupt the balance of sodium and limit kidney function, promoting high blood pressure and straining the kidneys. Moderate protein consumption, according to this study from 2018, can reduce potential glomeruli damage caused by high protein intake. A low-protein diet can preserve renal function in those who have CKD.

Lifestyle Changes: According to the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, NSAIDs can harm kidney function by reducing blood flow and prostaglandin (maintains GFR and renal blood flow) production, impairing sodium and water excretion, leading to acute kidney injury. So refrain from using NSAIDs. Additionally, getting an annual flu shot can help since the CDC emphasizes the importance of the flu vaccine for people with CKD who are “at high risk of developing serious flu complications”. Additionally, exercise therapy and certain dietary patterns may be associated with a lower rate of eGFR decline.

Where can I learn more?

• American Kidney Fund – Blood Test: eGFR
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – Your Kidneys & How They Work
• UK Kidney Association – About eGFR
• National Kidney Foundation – eGFR: A key to understanding how well your kidneys are working
• Scientific Literature
  • Cai Q, Dekker LH, Bakker SJL, de Borst MH, Navis GJ. Dietary Patterns Based on Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Kidney Function Decline in the General Population: The Lifelines Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 16;12(4):1099. doi: 10.3390/nu12041099.
  • Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Holly M Kramer, Denis Fouque, High-protein diet is bad for kidney health: unleashing the taboo, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz216
  • Tang R, Kou M, Wang X, et al. Self-Reported Frequency of Adding Salt to Food and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2349930. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49930
  • Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Xiong, L. et al. Exercise therapy improves eGFR, and reduces blood pressure and BMI in non-dialysis CKD patients: evidence from a meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 20, 398 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1586-5

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.

Thyroglobulin Antibody (TgAb) is an immune system protein that mistakenly targets thyroglobulin, a key protein involved in thyroid hormone production. The presence of TgAb in the blood is often associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and potential dysfunction. Measuring TgAb helps assess thyroid health and can be particularly useful in diagnosing and monitoring autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Why is TgAb Important?

Elevated TgAb levels are commonly linked to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, two autoimmune disorders that can lead to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Since thyroid disorders often develop gradually, testing for TgAb can help detect autoimmune activity early, even before symptoms appear.

How Can I Maintain Optimal Thyroid Health?

Managing TgAb levels involves addressing underlying thyroid conditions and supporting overall immune function. Monitoring your thyroid function with regular testing and managing any known autoimmune conditions you may have will help to maintain optimal thyroid health.

Where Can I Learn More?

• Medical News Today- What to know about the thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) test
• Mount Sinai- Antithyroglobulin antibody

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.

Progesterone is a hormone produced primarily by the ovaries in females, with smaller amounts produced by the adrenal glands. Serving a critical role in the menstrual cycle, progesterone fluctuates, peaking during the luteal phase (after ovulation) and declining before menstruation. Normal levels are necessary for regular menstrual cycles, fertility, embryo implantation, and pregnancy maintenance. In addition to its role in reproductive health, this hormone also influences mood, sleep, and overall well-being.

Why is progesterone important?

Progesterone plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes, making it essential for maintaining overall health. SiPhox Health includes progesterone in both our Fertility+ Panel and Hormone+ and Fertility Panel for women to help monitor and manage progesterone levels. Inadequate progesterone levels in the United States can cause menstrual irregularities, infertility, and increased risk of miscarriage. According to the Cleveland Clinic, maintaining balanced progesterone levels is crucial for reproductive health and overall well-being.

How can I better understand my progesterone levels?

Progesterone levels in females are typically measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. Normal progesterone levels vary depending on the menstrual cycle phase, pregnancy status, and individual health factors.

The American Board of Internal Medicine defines normal progesterone levels as:

Lower than normal progesterone levels may occur during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle or in conditions such as anovulation (absence of ovulation), luteal phase defect, or certain hormonal disorders. Additional testing and medical evaluation are essential to identify the underlying cause and determine appropriate management.

Higher than normal progesterone levels may occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Elevated levels do not typically negatively impact health. In non-pregnant individuals, elevated progesterone levels may indicate conditions such as ovarian cysts, adrenal disorders, or certain medications. Further evaluation by a healthcare provider is necessary to determine the underlying cause.

How can I maintain optimal progesterone levels?

If you need to maintain or adjust your progesterone levels consider the following strategies:

Dietary Changes: Both macronutrient and mineral intake may affect progesterone levels. Cleveland Clinic suggests that foods rich in zinc, vitamin C, vitamin B, and magnesium may help support healthy progesterone levels. Additionally, higher intake of synthetic folate was significantly associated with higher luteal progesterone levels, according to a 2012 study.

Lifestyle Changes: Managing stress using techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, and adequate sleep can help balance progesterone levels.

Where can I learn more?

• Cleveland Clinic – Progesterone
• Osmosis from Elsevier (video) – Estrogen & Progesterone

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.

Testosterone is the primary male hormone responsible for sexual health and development, in addition to other physiological functions. Having proper levels of testosterone is essential not only for males but for females, too. An imbalance of testosterone can have negative effects on both reproductive and overall health.

While testosterone is a hormone primarily associated with male development and reproductive function, it is also present in females. In women, testosterone plays a role in maintaining muscle mass, bone density, libido, and overall well-being.

Why is testosterone important?

SiPhox Health includes testosterone in our Foundation Panel for men and Fertility+ Panel for women to help monitor and manage testosterone levels. In men, testosterone regulates sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. Symptoms of low testosterone may include reduced sex drive, erectile dysfunction, low sperm count, and other emotional and physiological changes. 

While testosterone levels are typically much lower in females compared to males, they still play a vital role in various physiological processes. Fluctuations or abnormalities in female testosterone levels can impact reproductive health, sexual function, mood, and overall health. Testosterone is essential for maintaining optimal health and well-being in females. Proper testosterone levels contribute to reproductive health, libido, muscle strength, bone density, mood regulation, and overall vitality.

How can I better understand my testosterone levels?

Free and total testosterone are two different measurements. Total testosterone quantifies, as the name suggests, the overall quantity of testosterone including molecules that are both free (unbound) and bound to proteins (mainly SHBG and albumin). On the other hand, a measure of free testosterone does not measure molecules that are bound to proteins. This is an important measurement as free testosterone is generally more bioactive than bound testosterone. People who may be experiencing symptoms of low testosterone but have normal levels of total testosterone may be advised to take a free testosterone test.

Males:

Free and total testosterone ranges vary based on many factors, including age. The Cincinnati Children’s Hospital released a list of normal free and total testosterone ranges in males by age.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, the American Urology Association (AUA) considers low total testosterone to be < 3.0 ng/mL for adult males. However, some researchers and healthcare providers believe that no more than 2.50 ng/mL should be indicative of low testosterone.

Testosterone, like many hormones, follows a diurnal rhythm, peaking in the morning and dipping in the early evening. Peak secretion occurs between 7 and 10 a.m., which is why testing testosterone levels in the morning helps to limit variations, particularly in younger men.

Prinz, Patricia & Bremner, William & Vitiello, Michael. (1983). Loss of Circadian Rhythmicity in Blood Testosterone Levels with Aging in Normal Men*. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 56. 10.1210/jcem-56-6-1278.

Low testosterone is more likely to affect those who are older, obese, have type 2 diabetes or HIV/AIDS, have sleep apnea, or have chronic conditions such as kidney or liver dysfunction. Since abnormally high or low testosterone levels may indicate problems with the testicles, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus, it is important to consult with your physician if you are concerned about your levels.

It’s important to note that different labs have slight variations on the normal reference range.

Higher than normal testosterone levels in females, known as hyperandrogenism, may indicate conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), adrenal disorders, ovarian tumors, or certain medications. Further evaluation, including additional tests and medical history assessment, may be necessary to determine the underlying cause. Lower than normal testosterone levels in females may result from conditions such as primary ovarian insufficiency (early menopause), adrenal insufficiency, pituitary disorders, or certain medications. Additional testing and medical evaluation are essential to identify the underlying cause and determine appropriate management.

How can I maintain optimal testosterone levels?

If you need to maintain or adjust your testosterone levels, consider the following strategies:

Dietary Changes: Consuming fenugreek seed extract, ashwagandha roots and leaves, or honey can help to increase lower testosterone levels. Additionally, research suggests that macronutrient, vitamin, and mineral intake can impact testosterone synthesis. Adequate zinc intake, for example, has been shown to regulate both elevated and decreased hormone levels, including testosterone.

Lifestyle Changes: Avoiding chronic stressors, getting more and higher-quality sleep, and lowering abdominal fat percentage through a healthy regimen can help in improving testosterone levels. Additionally, engaging in regular physical activity, including strength training and aerobic exercise, can help support hormone balance, muscle strength, and overall well-being. Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, and adequate sleep can also help support hormone balance and overall health.

Supplementation: Consuming saw palmetto or boron supplements can aid in regulating testosterone levels.

Where can I learn more?

• Andrew Huberman has a masterclass on testosterone for males.
• Harvard Medical School – Testosterone: What It Is and How It Affects Your Health
• Cleveland Clinic – Testosterone

Prolactin is a hormone synthesized mostly by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women, it is primarily known for regulating milk production after childbirth (lactation) and playing a role in the menstrual cycle. It also affects male reproductive health by regulating testosterone production, impacting libido, erectile function, and fertility. In both men and women, prolactin is released in response to stress, sleep, and other factors, and can have interactions with cortisol and thyroid hormones. [1]

Why is prolactin important?

PRL is critical for the analysis of a variety of issues, and abnormal levels may indicate pituitary gland irregularities, including tumors. SiPhox Health includes PRL in our Hormone+ Panel to help monitor and manage PRL levels.

In men, low PRL is correlated with negative metabolic, psychological, and sexual characteristics. On the other hand, high PRL can inhibit testosterone production, causing decreased energy, muscle mass, and blood count (anemia). High PRL can also lead to erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and low sperm production

In women, low PRL can impede sufficient breast milk production. While high PRL can cause menstrual cycle and ovulation irregularities. High PRL levels can cause vaginal dryness and a milky discharge from the nipples when not pregnant (galactorrhea). Additionally, females of reproductive age with either abnormally low and abnormally high PRL may be more prone to cardiovascular and metabolic complications.

How can I better understand my Prolactin levels?

According to Mount Sinai, normal PRL values are:

In both men and women, certain medications (antipsychotic, cardiovascular, opiates, etc.), health conditions (infections, autoimmune disease, Sheehan syndrome, etc.), and pituitary gland disorders (prolactinomas or pituitary gland tumors) can all cause abnormally high or low levels of prolactin, which is why it is important to consult with your physician if you are concerned about any of your results. It is important to remember that prolactin levels follow a circadian rhythm associated with the onset of sleep and can appear higher or lower depending on a multitude of factors, with the optimal timing for blood tests being 2-3 hours after waking and while fasting. [2]

How can I maintain optimal Prolactin levels?

If your PRL levels are abnormal, consider the following strategies:

Dietary Changes: Consuming a diet rich in vitamin C (dopamine inhibitor) can help to lower prolactin levels since dopamine suppresses prolactin. Limiting gluten consumption can also help to decrease prolactin production since gluten stimulates prolactin release.

Lifestyle Changes: Limiting alcohol consumption can help to decrease prolactin levels and increase testosterone levels. Reducing stressors can also aid in mitigating higher prolactin levels.

Supplementation: Consuming vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc, or ashwagandha supplements could aid in lowering elevated prolactin levels. Including these nutrients in your diet can also help to decrease prolactin levels. If your PRL levels are slightly low, many women try pharmacologic or natural galactagogues (milk boosters) such as fenugreek to raise PRL levels and promote lactation.

Where can I learn more?

• Longdom – The Role of Prolactin in Men
• NIH – Hyperprolactinemia
• Wolters Kluwer – Patient education: High prolactin levels and prolactinomas
• Synlab – Drugs Causing Hyperprolactinaemia
• Science Direct – Low prolactin is associated with sexual dysfunction and psychological or metabolic disturbances in middle-aged and elderly men
• Springer Link – Cardiometabolic profile of young women with hypoprolactinemia

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.