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What is prolactin (PRL)?

Prolactin is a hormone synthesized mostly by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women, it is primarily known for regulating milk production after childbirth (lactation) and playing a role in the menstrual cycle. It also affects male reproductive health by regulating testosterone production, impacting libido, erectile function, and fertility. In both men and women, prolactin is released in response to stress, sleep, and other factors, and can have interactions with cortisol and thyroid hormones. [1]

Why is prolactin important?

PRL is critical for the analysis of a variety of issues, and abnormal levels may indicate pituitary gland irregularities, including tumors.

In men, low PRL is correlated with negative metabolic, psychological, and sexual characteristics. On the other hand, high PRL can inhibit testosterone production, causing decreased energy, muscle mass, and blood count (anemia). High PRL can also lead to erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and low sperm production

In women, low PRL can impede sufficient breast milk production. While high PRL can cause menstrual cycle and ovulation irregularities. High PRL levels can cause vaginal dryness and a milky discharge from the nipples when not pregnant (galactorrhea). Additionally, females of reproductive age with either abnormally low and abnormally high PRL may be more prone to cardiovascular and metabolic complications.

How can I better understand my Prolactin levels?

To help you understand your prolactin results, you can use the following reference ranges:

  • Males:
    • Out of range: 0-2.64 ng/mL
    • Optimal: 2.64-9.46 ng/mL
    • In range: 9.46-13.13 ng/mL
    • Out of range: 13.13 ng/mL
  • Females:
    • Out of range: 0-3.34 ng/mL
    • In range: 3.34-26.72 ng/mL
    • Out of range: 26.72+ ng/mL

In both men and women, certain medications (antipsychotic, cardiovascular, opiates, etc.), health conditions (infections, autoimmune disease, Sheehan syndrome, etc.), and pituitary gland disorders (prolactinomas or pituitary gland tumors) can all cause abnormally high or low levels of prolactin, which is why it is important to consult with your physician if you are concerned about any of your results. It is important to remember that prolactin levels follow a circadian rhythm associated with the onset of sleep and can appear higher or lower depending on a multitude of factors, with the optimal timing for blood tests being 2-3 hours after waking and while fasting [2] [3].

How can I maintain optimal Prolactin levels?

If your PRL levels are abnormal, consider the following strategies:

Dietary Changes: Consuming a diet rich in tyrosine (dopamine precursor) and vitamin C (dopamine inhibitor) can help to lower prolactin levels since dopamine suppresses prolactin [4][5]. Limiting gluten consumption can also help to decrease prolactin production since gluten stimulates prolactin release [6].

Lifestyle Changes: Limiting alcohol consumption can help to decrease prolactin levels and increase testosterone levels. Reducing stressors can also aid in mitigating higher prolactin levels.

Supplementation: Consuming vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc, or ashwagandha supplements could aid in lowering elevated prolactin levels. Including these nutrients in your diet can also help to decrease prolactin levels [7][8]. If your PRL levels are slightly low, many women try pharmacologic or natural galactagogues (milk boosters) such as fenugreek to raise PRL levels and promote lactation [9][10].

Where can I learn more?

DISCLAIMER: IF YOU ARE CONCERNED WITH ANY OF YOUR RESULTS, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.

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