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What is Hep C Virus Ab?

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and can lead to serious liver damage. The Hep C Virus Antibody (anti-HCV) test detects antibodies that your immune system produces in response to the hepatitis C virus (HCV). When your body is exposed to HCV, it creates these specific antibodies to fight the infection, and they remain in your blood even after the virus is cleared.
This test is the primary screening tool for hepatitis C infection. The presence of HCV antibodies indicates that you have been exposed to the virus at some point, but it does not distinguish between a current infection, a past infection that was cleared, or a past infection that was successfully treated. If the antibody test is positive, additional testing such as HCV RNA is needed to determine if you have an active infection.

Why is Hep C Virus Ab important?

Hepatitis C is a major public health concern, with millions of people worldwide living with chronic HCV infection. Many people with hepatitis C do not experience symptoms until significant liver damage has occurred, making screening crucial for early detection. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to serious complications including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
The good news is that hepatitis C is now highly treatable with direct-acting antiviral medications, which can cure more than 95% of infections. Early detection through antibody testing allows for timely treatment, which can prevent liver damage and reduce transmission to others. The CDC recommends that all adults get tested for hepatitis C at least once in their lifetime, and certain high-risk groups should be tested regularly.
Symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may include fatigue, easy bleeding or bruising, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark-colored urine, itchy skin, fluid buildup in the abdomen, and confusion. However, many people remain asymptomatic for years or decades, which is why screening is so important.

How can I better understand my Hep C Virus Ab levels?

Hep C Virus Antibody Test Results:

  • Negative (Non-reactive): No HCV antibodies detected. This typically means you have not been infected with hepatitis C, though there is a window period of 8-11 weeks after exposure during which antibodies may not yet be detectable.
  • Positive (Reactive): HCV antibodies detected. This indicates past or present HCV infection and requires follow-up testing with HCV RNA to determine if the infection is active.

Follow-up HCV RNA Test (if antibody positive):

  • Negative (Not detected): The virus is not currently in your blood. You have cleared the infection either naturally or through treatment.
  • Positive (Detected): Active hepatitis C infection is present. Further evaluation and treatment are recommended.

It is important to note that the antibody test alone cannot tell you if you have an active infection. According to the CDC, approximately 15-25% of people who become infected with HCV will clear the virus from their bodies without treatment, but they will still test positive for antibodies. This is why RNA testing is essential for anyone with a positive antibody test.

What should I do if my Hep C Virus Ab test is positive?

If your antibody test is positive, follow these steps:
Get Follow-Up Testing: Schedule an HCV RNA test to determine if you have an active infection. Your healthcare provider may also order additional liver function tests and possibly a liver biopsy or imaging to assess liver health.
Consult a Specialist: If you have an active infection, work with a healthcare provider experienced in treating hepatitis C, such as a hepatologist or infectious disease specialist. Modern direct-acting antivirals are highly effective, well-tolerated, and typically require 8-12 weeks of treatment.
Lifestyle Modifications: Avoid alcohol, as it can accelerate liver damage. Maintain a healthy diet and weight. Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B if you are not already immune. Inform sexual partners and avoid sharing needles or personal items that may have blood on them (razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers).
Regular Monitoring: Even if you have cleared the virus, regular monitoring of liver health may be recommended, especially if you had the infection for a long time. Follow your healthcare providerโ€™s recommendations for screening and surveillance.

Where can I learn more?

DISCLAIMER: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider for interpretation of your Hep C Virus Ab results and for personalized liver health recommendations.